Interactions between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its Monochamus vectors

Pine wilt disease in the forest

Funnel traps in Portugal

REPHRAME field trip to Lisbon

Field trip to Lisbon

Trap logs for Monochamus galloproincialis

Pine wood nematode - bursaphelenchus xylophilus

m.galloprovincialis larva

m.galloprovincialis larva

PWD in pinus pinaster, Madeira

PWD symptoms in pinus pinaster, Madeira

Maritime pinus pinaster, Madeira

Maritime pinus pinaster, Madeira

Rephrame Toolkit schematic 1

Rephrame Toolkit - management module

Map showing the spread of pine wood nematode

Rephrame Toolkit - modelling module

PWN toolkit - detection module

Flow diagram - detection and identification of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Microscope images of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Identification of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus extracted from wood and bark

Identification chart for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Monochamus galloprovincialis

Pine wilt disease

PTK - survey module

Survey work looking for Monochamus galloprovincialis

Rephrame partners in Lisbon

Trapping Monochamus galloprovincialis

Field visit - Portugal

Chemical control, Portugal

Chemical control of Pwn - close up

Monochamus gallopvincialis trap, Portugal

Trap logs

Monochamus galloprovincialis - adult

Checking for signs of Monochamus galloprovincialis, Portugal

B. xylophilius plate
Fig. 2.[italic:Bursaphelenchus xylophilus].[small: A: Light micrograph (LM) of anterior region; B: LM of vulval region; C: LM of male tail; insert: scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of bursa; D: LM of female tail; E: SEM of protracted spicule and cucullus; F: SEM of female tail tip (from Penas et al., 2004)]

B. xylophilus (Source Jon Eisenback)

B. xylophilus female showing vulva.
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Posterior area of female showing vulva and vulval flap.

B. xylophilus male spicule
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Posterior area of male showing spicule.

Bx female showing vulval flap
Scanning electron micrograph of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus female showing vulval flap.

Bx male spicule
Scanning electron micrograph of detached male spicule of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Chipping wood to control PWN spread
Chipping wood to control PWN spread

Culturing on agar plates
Growing PWN on Botrytis fungus on agar plates.

Egg-laying site

Extraction PWN
Assessing Monochamus galloprovincialis for presence of PWN. Grinding whole adult beetles.

Field Collection
Taking drill samples of wood from trees to assess for presence of PWN in the laboratory

Field Collection
Taking drill samples of wood from trees to assess for presence of PWN in the laboratory

Field Collection of wood samples
Taking drill samples of wood from trees to assess for presence of PWN in the laboratory

Honduras pine

Jorge Faria

Lab processing (Baermann funnel technique)
Extraction of nematodes from wood samples using Baermann funnel technique.

Lab processing using Whitehead tray immersion
Extraction of nematodes from wood samples using Whitehead tray immersion technique.

Moisture meter for testing wood
Moisture meter for testing wood

Monochamus larva (mature)
Mature larva of Monochamus galloprovincialis

Monochamus tree preferences

Pine wilt
Pine trees with strong symptoms of pine wilt disease caused by PWN. Note the red foliage.

Pine wilt
Pine trees with strong symptoms of pine wilt disease caused by PWN. Note the red foliage.

Pine wilt, Portugal
Pine trees with strong symptoms of pine wilt disease caused by PWN. Note the red foliage.

Pine wilt, Portugal
Pine trees with strong symptoms of pine wilt disease caused by PWN. Note the red foliage.

Predicted wilt expression using climate data for 2009

Predicted wilt expression using climate data for 2010

Preparing trap log

PWN Schematic diagram

Section showing Monochamus feeding gallery
Cross section of Pinus pinaster showing larval feeding gallery of Monochamus galloprovincialis

Tree bark

Trunk with Monochamus feeding gallery
Section of Pinus pinaster trunk to show larval feeding gallery of Monochamus galloprovincialis

Virginia pine